Post: In parashat Matos, we encounter the following pasuk and targum:
לא,כד וְכִבַּסְתֶּם בִּגְדֵיכֶם בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי, וּטְהַרְתֶּם; וְאַחַר, תָּבֹאוּ אֶל-הַמַּחֲנֶה. {ס} | וּתְחַוְּרוּן לְבוּשֵׁיכוֹן בְּיוֹמָא שְׁבִיעָאָה, וְתִדְכּוֹן; וּבָתַר כֵּין, תֵּיעֲלוּן לְמַשְׁרִיתָא. {ס} |
In Toldos Yitzchak Acharon, R' Yitzchak Isaac Morgenstern tells over something he heard from R' Yonasan Eibeshitz:
Basically, he notes the translation of וְכִבַּסְתֶּם as וּתְחַוְּרוּן, and notes that this is a problem for a rule laid down in the very last Rashi on parashat Tazria. That Rashi claimed that when it is translated along the lines of וּתְחַוְּרוּן, it means that it is for the purpose of cleaning / whitening, while where it is translated ויצטבע it means that it is immersion (for the sake of purity). He does not give an answer.
The Rashi in Tazria is here (my translation):
58. But the garment, the warp or woof [threads] or any leather article which is washed, and the lesion disappears from them, shall be immersed a second time, and it shall be clean. | נח. וְהַבֶּגֶד אוֹ הַשְּׁתִי אוֹ הָעֵרֶב אוֹ כָל כְּלִי הָעוֹר אֲשֶׁר תְּכַבֵּס וְסָר מֵהֶם הַנָּגַע וְכֻבַּס שֵׁנִית וְטָהֵר: | |
וסר מהם הנגע: אם כשכבסוהו בתחלה על פי כהן, סר ממנו הנגע לגמרי: | ||
shall be immersed a second time: a language of immersion. That Targum of כבוסין, washing, in this parasha is a language of whitening, ויתחוור, with the exception of this which is only for the sake of immersion. Therefore, its translation is ויצטבע. And so too all washing of clothing which is for immersion is translated ויצטבע. | וכבס שנית: לשון טבילה. תרגום של כבוסין שבפרשה זו לשון לבון ויתחוור, חוץ מזה שאינו ללבון אלא לטבול, לכך תרגומו ויצטבע, וכן כל כבוסי בגדים שהן לטבילה מתורגמין ויצטבע: | |
By parasha in Tazria, Rashi does not mean 'sidra'. Indeed,
even early in the sidra of Tazria, we read:
יג,ו וְרָאָה הַכֹּהֵן אֹתוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי, שֵׁנִית, וְהִנֵּה כֵּהָה הַנֶּגַע, וְלֹא-פָשָׂה הַנֶּגַע בָּעוֹר--וְטִהֲרוֹ הַכֹּהֵן מִסְפַּחַת הִוא, וְכִבֶּס בְּגָדָיו וְטָהֵר. | וְיִחְזֵי כָּהֲנָא יָתֵיהּ בְּיוֹמָא שְׁבִיעָאָה, תִּנְיָנוּת, וְהָא עֲמָא מַכְתָּשָׁא, וְלָא אוֹסֵיף מַכְתָּשָׁא בְּמַשְׁכָּא--וִידַכֵּינֵיהּ כָּהֲנָא עָדִיתָא הִיא, וִיצַבַּע לְבוּשׁוֹהִי וְיִדְכֵּי. |
Rather, it is from the preceding setuma, from 13:47. Thus:
In those instances, this is not the eventual ritual purification, but whitening it for the sake of the later determination. And Rashi is of course absolutely right. That Onkelos changes from his general translation to חוור, and then back for this one, shows that this is a deliberate choice in translation. And the reason is precisely correct, that one is immersion, and the other is cleaning.
And this does seem to be a fairly consistent rule, in the instances I spot-checked. For instance, Bemidbar19:7:
יט,ז וְכִבֶּס בְּגָדָיו הַכֹּהֵן, וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם, וְאַחַר, יָבֹא אֶל-הַמַּחֲנֶה; וְטָמֵא הַכֹּהֵן, עַד-הָעָרֶב. | וִיצַבַּע לְבוּשׁוֹהִי כָּהֲנָא, וְיַסְחֵי בִּסְרֵיהּ בְּמַיָּא, וּבָתַר כֵּין, יֵיעוֹל לְמַשְׁרִיתָא; וִיהֵי מְסָאַב כָּהֲנָא, עַד רַמְשָׁא. |
I don't see anything, really, in the Kitvei Yad of Rashi I saw (here and here) to really indicate that he did not say this general rule. Nor did I spot anything in Ohev Ger or Berliner to indicate any variant texts of Onkelos in this instance.
I suppose one could say that this is the general rule, but that even Onkelos is human, and וּתְחַוְּרוּן is not really excluded to mean immerse, even if for the sake of purity. It is only when there was a specific distinction to be made that the distinction was meaningful and so Onkelos took care to make the distinction.
In terms of Rashi, perhaps Rashi had a different girsa in Onkelos in this case. Or perhaps this was a general rule. Or perhaps Rashi erred in this instance. It certainly is the lone exception to the rule.
Here is what R' Eliyahu Bachur writes on these shorashim in Meturgeman, his dictionary / concordance of Targum. On צבע:
Thus, most instances of כביסה are צבע.
And on חור:
Thus, in parshat Yitro, in preparation for Matan Torah, in 19:10 and 19:14:
יט,י וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל-מֹשֶׁה לֵךְ אֶל-הָעָם, וְקִדַּשְׁתָּם הַיּוֹם וּמָחָר; וְכִבְּסוּ, שִׂמְלֹתָם. | וַאֲמַר יְיָ לְמֹשֶׁה אִיזֵיל לְוָת עַמָּא, וּתְזָמֵינִנּוּן יוֹמָא דֵּין וּמְחַר; וִיחַוְּרוּן, לְבוּשֵׁיהוֹן. |
This certainly could read as referring to cleansing, rather that ritually purifying. The context shouts to me that it is ritual immersion, for the sake of purity.
The Mechilta discusses immersion:
וכבסו שמלותם - ומנין שיטענו טבילה?
הריני דן: ומה אם במקום שאין טעונין כיבוס בגדים טעונין טבילה וכאן שהוא טעון כיבוס בגדים אינו דין שיהא טעון טבילה?!
אין כיבוס בגדים בתורה, שאינו טעון טבילה.
But I would interpret it that one requires immersion besides the cleansing. Besides, this might all be immersion of themselves, not their clothes.
And in parashat Tzav, we read:
ו,כ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר-יִגַּע בִּבְשָׂרָהּ, יִקְדָּשׁ; וַאֲשֶׁר יִזֶּה מִדָּמָהּ, עַל-הַבֶּגֶד--אֲשֶׁר יִזֶּה עָלֶיהָ, תְּכַבֵּס בְּמָקוֹם קָדֹשׁ. | כֹּל דְּיִקְרַב בְּבִסְרַהּ, יִתְקַדַּשׁ; וּדְיַדֵּי מִדְּמַהּ, עַל לְבוּשָׁא--דְּיַדֵּי עֲלַהּ, תְּחַוַּר בַּאֲתַר קַדִּישׁ. |
This does mean to cleanse, rather than immerse. To remove the blood which fell upon the beged, one should clean it in a holy place. And Vayikra 13, which is what we saw above, from parshat Tazria.
2 comments:
See the Darash Moshe on this week's parsha, where R' Moshe Feinstein comes up with a chiddush to explain the Targum (which would also explain the Targum in Parshas Yisro).
thanks. i'll try to check it out.
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