Noach: What Did the Builders of the Tower of Bavel Do Wrong?

The Torah on the Tower of Bavel, in Bereishit 11:

א וַיְהִי כָל-הָאָרֶץ, שָׂפָה אֶחָת, וּדְבָרִים, אֲחָדִים.	1 And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech.
ב וַיְהִי, בְּנָסְעָם מִקֶּדֶם; וַיִּמְצְאוּ בִקְעָה בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר, וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם.	2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.
ג וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל-רֵעֵהוּ, הָבָה נִלְבְּנָה לְבֵנִים, וְנִשְׂרְפָה, לִשְׂרֵפָה; וַתְּהִי לָהֶם הַלְּבֵנָה, לְאָבֶן, וְהַחֵמָר, הָיָה לָהֶם לַחֹמֶר.	3 And they said one to another: 'Come, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly.' And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar.
ד וַיֹּאמְרוּ הָבָה נִבְנֶה-לָּנוּ עִיר, וּמִגְדָּל וְרֹאשׁוֹ בַשָּׁמַיִם, וְנַעֲשֶׂה-לָּנוּ, שֵׁם: פֶּן-נָפוּץ, עַל-פְּנֵי כָל-הָאָרֶץ.	4 And they said: 'Come, let us build us a city, and a tower, with its top in heaven, and let us make us a name; lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.'
ה וַיֵּרֶד יְהוָה, לִרְאֹת אֶת-הָעִיר וְאֶת-הַמִּגְדָּל, אֲשֶׁר בָּנוּ, בְּנֵי הָאָדָם.	5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.
ו וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה, הֵן עַם אֶחָד וְשָׂפָה אַחַת לְכֻלָּם, וְזֶה, הַחִלָּם לַעֲשׂוֹת; וְעַתָּה לֹא-יִבָּצֵר מֵהֶם, כֹּל אֲשֶׁר יָזְמוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת.	6 And the LORD said: 'Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do.
ז הָבָה, נֵרְדָה, וְנָבְלָה שָׁם, שְׂפָתָם--אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ, אִישׁ שְׂפַת רֵעֵהוּ.	7 Come, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.'
ח וַיָּפֶץ יְהוָה אֹתָם מִשָּׁם, עַל-פְּנֵי כָל-הָאָרֶץ; וַיַּחְדְּלוּ, לִבְנֹת הָעִיר.	8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off to build the city.
ט עַל-כֵּן קָרָא שְׁמָהּ, בָּבֶל, כִּי-שָׁם בָּלַל יְהוָה, שְׂפַת כָּל-הָאָרֶץ; וּמִשָּׁם הֱפִיצָם יְהוָה, עַל-פְּנֵי כָּל-הָאָרֶץ. {פ}	9 Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. {P}

What did they do wrong? Midrash has several different answers, which are indeed readable into the text, but a plain, straightforward peshat reading does not reveal any wrongdoing.

They wanted to build a city and a tower, make a name -- that is, a country -- such that they would not be scattered.

Ran in derashot haRan has a fascinating suggestion, and advances various proofs towards its truth. Avraham was not the first monotheist, but such people were present all along. Thus, we have Shem and Ever beforehand, but others as well. They were able to get away with this because the idolaters were unorganized. This parallels what happened with the Jews. The Jews have it good in a country for a while, but then are oppressed or expelled. But they are able to go elsewhere and prosper. And maaseh avot siman labanim. Such was the case for the monotheists of that time as well. But, if they formed one world government, sure there were positive repercussions, but this would not bode well for the monotheists, because they would have nowhere to go if things went sour. Thus, Hashem intervened.

I would propose another explanation. This is the third in a series in which Hashem tries to curb human power. The first is knowledge of good and evil, the second is eternal life, both of which would make them in some way Godly. Here, too, before confounding their work, Hashem notes that there is nothing to stand in their way if they achieve this:

ה וַיֵּרֶד יְהוָה, לִרְאֹת אֶת-הָעִיר וְאֶת-הַמִּגְדָּל, אֲשֶׁר בָּנוּ, בְּנֵי הָאָדָם.	5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.
ו וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה, הֵן עַם אֶחָד וְשָׂפָה אַחַת לְכֻלָּם, וְזֶה, הַחִלָּם לַעֲשׂוֹת; וְעַתָּה לֹא-יִבָּצֵר מֵהֶם, כֹּל אֲשֶׁר יָזְמוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת.	6 And the LORD said: 'Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do.

I would suggest that just as I proposed to understand the first two as metaphor, rather than historical reality (for reasons I went into then), this too is not intended historically. Rather, it is the third of a triad of great and godly achievements towards which humans strive. We know of life, liberty, and fraternity. This is life, wisdom, and fraternity.

While these are indeed great aims, Hashem set up the human condition such that this is all difficult to achieve. Since they speak different language and are scattered, they have difficulty building a great unified society. This is another of man's tests and trials which makes up the human experience. And the struggle is the whole point. It would be too easy if this was readily achieved -- there would be nothing to stand in humanity's way.